After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

Knowing the components of Economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the Economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding Economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and Economic ethics (Economic fields in the society); The dimension of Economic concepts and knowledge (indices in Economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

Objectives: Goal-directed subsidies because of its nature can affect all aspects of Iranian life. This scheme is not only an Economic program but also affects other aspects of social life including: welfare and Economic situation of society, labor market, income, expenditure and consumption pattern models of family and social problems such as poverty and inequality, drug abuse, family problem, etc. It is clear that diagnosis of all positive and negative outcomes of this scheme can be useful for mediating negative outcomes and improving positive outcomes.Method: this study is a critical review on the effects of goal-directed subsidies on some social problems in Iran.Findings and Results: Based on this review it can be argued that goal-directed subsidies affect social problems directly and indirectly.

This paper presents a Teaching-Learning-Based Algorithm (TLBO) to solve Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problems involving dierent linear and non-linear constraints. The problem formulation also considers non-convex objective functions including the eect of valve-point loading and the multi-fuel option of large-scale thermal plants. Many diculties, such as multimodality, dimensionality and dierentiability, are associated with the optimization of large scale non-linear constraint based non-convex Economic load dispatch problems. TLBO is a population-based technique which implements a group of solutions to proceed to the optimum solution. TLBO uses two dierent phases, ' Teacher Phase' and ' Learner Phase', and uses the mean value of the population to update the solution. Unlike other optimization techniques, TLBO does not require any parameter to be tuned, thus, making its implementation simpler. TLBO uses the best solution of the iteration to change the existing solution in the population, thereby increasing the convergence rate. In the present paper, Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) is applied to solve such types of complicated problems eciently and eectively, in order to achieve a superior quality solution in a computationally ecient way. Simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms several existing optimization techniques. Results also proved the robustness of the proposed methodology.

In the thinking of neoliberal institutionalism, international organizations are capable of increased collaboration between national governments in global issues and to act independently of the wishes of superpowers on the international scene. This research has attempted to test the gains made under the neoliberal doctrine, associated with the role played by international environmental organizations in the challenges of Economic relations of North-South, through the "analysis of competing hypotheses" method. For this purpose, two other hypotheses were developed to compete with the main hypothesis showing the interests of both North and South countries with regard to international organizations. Among the various efforts of the United Nations as the largest international organization active in the environmental arena, five important diplomatic meetings – namely, Stockholm, Rio, Kyoto, Johannesburg and Copenhagen – were selected and judged on the basis of each of the competing hypotheses. The findings of this study show that international organizations have been continuing the policy of capitalist countries in the Economic relations between North and South, rather than promoting environmental concerns. The interests of countries of the South have been the lowest of their priorities.

Introduction Urban studies thinkers consider citizens' participation as one of the infrastructures for increasing in the capabilities of urban management. In order to citizens' participation to be meaningful and express the main concept of participation, it must be on a local scale and then reach the transnational arena. Neighborhoods, as the most fundamental elements of cities, have a special place in shaping and organizing the affairs of Tehran. With the establishment of the Pahlavi government and the effort to modernize Iran and the growth and increase in the population of cities, the traditional structures of urban life, including neighborhoods, underwent a transformation. The Law of City Associations was approved before the revolution, but it took many years to pay attention to neighborhood life again with the formation and implementation of the city's Islamic councils in 1998. In recent years, the neighborhood has been defined as the center of concentration and connection of urban services - people and municipality - in the smallest structural area of Tehran municipality. This center was chosen in such a way that all the possible capacities of the municipality can be delegated to it, and at the same time, concrete and objective participation of the citizens was directed to it in all areas that can be participated in, and new and up-to-date functions were defined for it. New social theories consider women's participation in sustainable development processes to be essential, and since the field of women's activity is traditionally wider in the fields of family and neighborhood, the local administration has envisioned a special role for women in city affairs and implemented special programs to improve their quality of life. In an environmental approach, women have the ability to play a greater role as leaders or active participants in smaller communities such as urban neighborhoods. It can be said that women play an essential role in local social cohesion. This type of connection is especially necessary to achieve social planning and successful management in multicultural societies. Because experience has shown that women pay attention to the dimensions of the needs of all groups in society and are not limited to the views and desires of powerful and effective members of society and often seek to create bridges over social, cultural and racial divisions as well as incompatibilities in society. That society will lead to a better life. Research findings Based on this, the current research tries to investigate the effect of local women's participation in the programs of active organizations (Serai Mahlah) on improving their quality of life. Angeh, Homayun Shahr and Aqdasiye neighborhoods were introduced and selected as examples by the neighborhood management strategic headquarters because of their active role in this matter. In the current research, a survey method was used with the two goals of description and explanation. At the level of description, the goal is to provide information on the level of participation of women in the administration of neighborhood affairs, and at the level of explanation and analysis, the goal is to find the existence or non-existence of a relationship between independent and dependent variables. At the same time, it has been used to compile the theoretical foundations and review previous researches in a documentary (library) way. The statistical population of the research is made up of the women of Tehran's active neighborhoods in the field of participation in the administration of city affairs, and on this basis, two groups of active and inactive women were selected from among the women of these neighborhoods and investigated. In this research, the sample size is 240 tons, which was determined based on Cochran's formula, which is divided into two parts (124 active tons and 116 inactive tons). In the sampling method, there are two important reasons for choosing the neighborhood center, one is that the manager of the neighborhood is a woman, and the other is the introduction by the neighborhood management strategic headquarters as the most active centers in the neighborhoods of Tehran, which are Angeh, Homayoun Shahr, and Aqdasiyeh neighborhoods. Available sampling method was used to select local activists and random sampling method was used for inactive people. A questionnaire was used to collect information. After verifying its validity and reliability in the preliminary stages of the research, the questionnaire was used to collect the required data in the final stage. The results obtained from this research show that the existence of the neighborhood management institution shows that the participation of citizens is recognized as a necessity and need for collective life, and women are not excluded from this as citizens of the society. Sarai Mahalat is active as one of the sub-institutions of neighborhood management, and the use of the services provided in it can have a significant impact on improving the quality of life of women in various dimensions, and the officials are required to provide the necessary conditions to create the necessary infrastructure and facilities in this regard. On the other hand, they should create the necessary motivation in women in different ways so that they also become eager to participate in local affairs (various aspects), because compared to men, women devote more time to work inside and around the house (local area), so they have deeper experiences, knowledge and insight to build the environment around them. According to Arnstein and Hannah Arendt, if women can have an active participation in the administration of local affairs and not just a theatrical participation, they can actualize and realize their potential talents in various fields. It seems that if the participation of women at the local level has positive results (as the results of this research confirm this), it will lead to this fact that women are encouraged to participate at higher levels of society, which will facilitate the development of the country. Conclusions In the present study, the impact of the use of services provided in Sarai Mahalat on the quality of life of service users was investigated in different dimensions. At first, the presence or absence of a relationship was measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient, which confirmed the existence of a relationship between women's local participation and the improvement of their quality of life in different dimensions. In the following, the difference between the average scores of the group that used the services and the group that did not use the services was investigated using the T-test, and according to the obtained scores, the hypotheses of the research were confirmed. After that, two-dimensional tables were used to clarify the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The results of these tables show that the intensity of the relationship between local participation with the quality of life and physical health is greater than the intensity of its relationship with Economic empowerment.

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

This paper presents a biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm to solve the Economic load Dispatch (ELD) problem with generator constraints in thermal plants. The applied method can solve the ELD problem with constraints like transmission losses, ramp rate limits, and prohibited operating zones. Biogeography is the science of the geographical distribution of biological species. The models of biogeography explain how a organisms arises, immigrate from an environment to another and gets eliminated. The BBO has some characteristics that are shared with other population based optimization procedures, similar to genetic algorithms (GAs) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The BBO algorithm mainly based on two steps: migration and mutation. The BBO has some good features in reaching to the global minimum in comparison to other evolutionary algorithms. This algorithm applied on two practical test systems that have six and fifteen thermal units, results of this paper are used to see the comparison between performances of the BBO algorithm with other existing algorithms. The result of this investigation proves the efficiency and good performance of applying BBO algorithm on ELD problem and show that this method can be a good substitute for other algorithms.